Given the increasing interest in Japanese animation (anime) and comics (manga) in the English speaking world I have decided to start producing some kind of guide to many things Japanese that invariably show up in these art forms. These cultural details can be physical objects, persons, places, words, cultural patterns or anything folks ask me to look into.
One problem with looking at something from another culture is that we can easily assume that there are no differences with our culture. With anime we are often confronted with a very different society and the differences are not always apparent. I hope in this document to cover the obvious, architecture, historical figures, furniture, and the more subtle, buying souvenirs for others, the significance of gestures, social hierarchies etc. as I find examples in anime and manga.
To do this well I ask you to help me by pointing out errors, asking questions and telling me about things you have noticed in anime and manga.
FORMS OF ENTRIES.
Each entry will be generally in the form of a short article, several examples of anime and manga which contain the item (using the U. S. titles and the earliest example from a series in most cases ), and the source(s) of the information I used for the article. This last part is so folks would know where else to look for more information and who to blame for the major errors ;^)
Specific details as to tape, episode number/name (for anime) or volume, issue (for manga) and full records for the source citations are in the bibliographies at the end of this work.
As not everyone will have access to the same sources I use here I will be somewhat redundant in my use of examples and texts on cultural information. In the case of anime and manga I will try to use the first clear example in more than one work or series.
Words that show up surrounded by * asterisks * are ones that have separate articles.
Anime and manga titles are off set by _underlines_ before and after the title. An easy way to tell if something is anime is if it says "tape" as part of the description, any citation that indicates a volume number or says manga is a book.
I also will attempt to have the name of each entry in transliterated Japanese with cross references from the English. Of course I cannot include the accent marks so don't assume that my spelling is completely correct, see the cited sources for the proper spelling of the terms.
Personal names shall be given in the Japanese order, that is with family name first than personal name. In this manner full name of the author of Ranma is Takahashi Rumiko.
I am now splitting this document into several numbered parts for the Usenet postings. The end of this file has a note stating: "End of _Japanese Cultural Details in Anime and Manga_" If you did not get the entire document let me know this and where you got it so I can repost it.
SPOILER WARNING!
I am trying not to give away too many details in the entries but to provide enough information to enable you to identify what I am referring to. For this reason you will at times see references such as "two characters" rather than naming the persons involved and possibly giving away an important part of the plot.
If you see something from Japanese culture in translated anime or manga that you are curious about let me know and I'll see what I can find out.
If you do find errors or know of other sources that I should look at please e-mail me.
Finally anime clubs have permission to reprint excerpts from this document as long as I am credited as the author. If its not too much to ask for please send a copy of the document containing the excerpt to:
Gilles Poitras
PO Box 4452
Berkeley, CA 94704
Permission is also granted to re-post this document on any BBS or electronic service as long as no extra fees are charged for downloading it.
Gilles Poitras
gilles@well.com
cowpunk@sirius.com
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Before we begin here is some information on Japan itself which will put everything else into a sort of context.
Geographical features:
Japan consists of some 3,600 islands from the north where it is close to eastern Siberia to the south where Taiwan is a short distance from the southernmost island.
The total land area is 145,809 square miles, or smaller than the state of California which is 155,973 square miles.
About 75 % of Japan is mountainous or hilly with 67% of the territory covered with forest. Historical records exist for about 60 volcanoes, out of 200 having eruptions since writing entered Japanese culture in the 8th century.
The climate for most of the country is temperate with clearly defined seasons.
The population is about 125 million people, California has about 29 million.
The indigenous religion of Japan is Shinto but Buddhism is also a major religious force from the early days of written history. In this document the word shrine refers to Shinto shrines and the word temple to Buddhist temples.
Given that Japan is a series of islands it has maintained a certain degree of isolation from foreign interference. This has allowed Japan to develop a unique culture with many influences from China, Korea and the West being integrated into its society.
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ADOPTION INTO WIFE'S FAMILY.
"The husband of a daughter takes his wife's surname and becomes the successor to his wife's father as head of the household."
This seen in the first episode of the _Ranma TV_ series (Episode 1) where Soun Tendo is explaining to his daughters that one of them will be engaged to Ranma so then the family tradition can continue.
And in the Lupin anime _The Fuma Conspiracy_ when Goemon is told as part of his wedding ceremony that he is going to become a member of the Suminawa clan.
(JIE p.8)
AGING POPULATION
Japan is one of the fastest aging populations in the world. The percentage of the population over 65 reached 13.5% in 1993. The birthrate in Japan was 1.5 children per family in 1992 and since the Japanese have the longest life expectancy in the world means that the percentage of aged will continue to increase. This means that problems regarding the care of the elderly will increase.
The _Roujin Z_ anime centers around an experiment to deal with the problem of care for the elderly.
(Vardaman-2 p.53)
AICHI
A prefecture located in central Honshu, the capital is Nagoya. Aichi is a major industrial area in Japan.
Nagumo Shinobu mentions Aichi in her lecture in _Patlabor 2_
(JIE p.20)
AKUTAGAWA PRIZE,
A twice annual prize given since 1935 to little known writers of prose to encourage new talent.
* Momotaro * claims, a little anachronistically, to have won the Akutagawa Prize in the _Urusei Yatsura_ TV series (Tape 3 Episode 11 Story 21-22)
(JIE p.30)
ALCOHOL FLUSH
Most Japanese will have an "alcohol flush" (red face) if they have been drinking.
For this reason makeup is applied to Yoshi's face before he performs a wedding ceremony in _Rumic Theater_ (p.39)
In _Maison Ikkoku_ (v. 3 p.109) Godai says that Kyoko is blushing from embarrassment but Mrs. Ichinose accuses her of being drunk
(Vardaman-2 p.39)
ALCOVE see: * Tokonoma *
ALTAR, FAMILY see: * Kamidana *
ALTAR, FAMILY BUDDHIST see: * Butsudan *
ALTAR, MEMORIAL see: * Butsudan *
ALTAR ON WALL see: * Kamidana *
ANNIVERSARIES OF DEATHS see: * meinichi *
AOYAMA CEMETERY see * Aoyama Reien *
AOYAMA REIEN
In 1872 Tokyo opened the first municipally operated cemetery in Japan. This cemetery is also noted for its cherry blossoms ( * Sakura * ).
There is a mention of the Aoyama cemetery in _Mai the Psychic Girl_ (v.3 p.56)
(LIT p.143)
ARAGAMI see: * Susanoo-no-Mikoto *
ARCHERY see: * kyudo *
ARRANGED MARRIAGE see: * Marriage, arranged *
ASAKUSA
A district in the eastern part of the Taito Ward of Tokyo. This area has retain much of its Edo period charm which draws many sightseers.
Early in the _Mermaid Forest_ video we see a bit of 1930s Asakusa.
This is also one of the places Ryoga went on way to meet Ranma when they were school mates, _Ranma TV_ (Tape 3 Episode 7)
(LIT p.16, JIE p.63)
ASOSAN
This volcano in central * Kyushu * has one of the largest caldera in the world with a circumference of 80 km.
Ryoga travels here with the old woman who he is helping to find directions in the _Ranma TV_ series (Tape 3 Episode 9)
(JIE p.69)
AWA DANCE see: * Awa Odori *
AWA ODORI
A variation of the Bon dance (* Bon odori *) performed in and near the city of Tokushima. The location of this city is in what was once known as Awa Province. This dance is also known as the fools dance, Aho odori, from a line in the song "You're a fool whether you dance or not, so you might as well dance"
We see a fool's dance parody of the Awa odori in the * Heian period * capital of * Kyoto * in the _Urusei Yatsura_ TV series (Tape 3 Episode 11 Story 21-22)
(JIE p.87)
AWA ODORI see also: * Bon odori *
BADGER see: * Tanuki *
BAMBOO PIPE MOVING UP AND DOWN, GARDEN DECORATION
see: * Shishiodoshi *
BAMBOO SWORD see * shinai *
BANNERS see: * Fu-Rin-Ka-Zan *, * koinobori *
BANZAI
Originally the term banzai ("long life") was used to show respect for the emperor. The custom of raising both hands and yelling banzai dates from the Meiji era in celebration of the new constitution. Today shouting banzai three times while raising both hands is used to express joy for a person or achievement.
Banzai is shouted by Mink and her friends in _Dragon Half_ (part 2) at the end of the tournament.
(Vardaman-2 p.13, JIE p.100)
BATH IN HOME.
The typical bath in Japan is deep enough for one to be immersed up to the neck, as in _Mai the Psychic Girl_ (v.1 p.34). Japanese bathrooms usually have a separate changing room where you undress before entering the bath room proper, for example the first _Ranma TV_ episode (Tape 1 Episode 1) where Akane undresses before entering the bath room.
Bath rooms are totally separate from the room with the toilet.
Bath rooms in Japan have a drain on the floor as one washes before soaking in the tub. Such washing can be done with a shower head or with a bucket of water. There is a small stool one uses to sit on when washing before entering the tub. Washing before entering the tub is important as the water in the bath is often shared by several people during a day. The tubs are usually covered to keep the water hot for the next user. It is also common for parents and children to bath together in Japan.
Given the nature of the story in _Ranma_ both the videos and manga have many bath scenes.
We can also see the changing room and the stool on the wet floor of the bath room in _Lum-1_ (p.255)
In _My Neighbor Totoro_ there are two scenes with the house's bath, in one the girls find where the bath is, and later they take a bath with their father.
(JIE p.102, 104-105, JFC p.47, Vardaman-1 p.35-)
BATH, PUBLIC. see: * sento *
BATH, PUBLIC see also: * onsen *
BEADS see: * Magatama *
BECKONING see: * Gestures *
BECKONING CAT see: * manekineko *
BEDDING see: * Futon *
BELL ON ROPE AT SHRINE see: * suzu *
BELLY BANDS
According to traditional Japanese medicine the belly is the center of the body and important to health. It was felt that keeping the belly warm would be important for preserving good health.
Tamiya in _Oh my Goddess_ often wears one of these.
(Vardaman-2 p.17)
BENTEN
Originally the Goddess of the River she became the Guardian deity of wisdom, the pursuit of knowledge and the arts. Later Benten became the Goddess of Money. Benten is one of the Seven Lucky Gods (* Shichifuku-jin *)
In _Lum-1_ (p.163) we see one of Takahashi Rumiko's visions of Benten.
Another portrayal by Takahashi Rumiko is in the story "The Golden Gods of Poverty" (_Manga Vizion_ v.1 #9 p.3-)
(LIT p.47)
BENTEN see also: * Shichifuku-jin *
BENZAITEN see: * Benten *
BISHAMON see: * Shichifuku-jin *
BLUSHING AS SIGN OF BEING DRUNK see: alcohol flush
BODHISATTVA
In Buddhism a bodhisattva is a being who has such a degree of spiritual attainment that they are about to become a Buddha but they put this moment off and take a vow to help all other beings attain Buddhahood. Bodhisattvas are just below a Buddha in spiritual development and are considered to have unlimited compassion.
Two examples of bodhisattvas seen in anime are: * En-no-Gyoja * and * Jizo *
(JIE 112)
BON DANCES see: * bon odori *
BON FESTIVAL.
An annual Buddhist festival honoring the spirits of the ancestors which takes place July 13-15 or August 13-16 in some areas. This festival is also called Obon or Urabon. Families welcome the spirits with special fires and a spirit altar which is set up in front of the * Butsudan * (Buddhist family altar). This a time of year when people often return to their home town to celebrate the festival with their family. The reason for the two dates is that the festival is observed between the 13th and 15th days of the 7th month, in the Gregorian (western) calendar this is July, in the old lunar calendar still observed by many farmers it is in August.
Godai in _Maison Ikkoku_ (v.3 p.118) gets a letter from his mother stating that since he is not likely to come home for the Bon festival that they are sending him a * yukata * made by his grandmother.
In _Moldiver_ (Tape 5) one can see the Daimonji * Okuribi * fire on Mt. Nyoigatake which forms the Chinese character dai (large) at the end of the Bon festival
(FoJ p.98-99, BTS p.3, JFC p.90-, JIE p.113, Vardaman-2 p.18)
BON ODORI
Bon dances, these are part of the * Bon festival *. These dances are often done around a temporary stage called a * yagura *.
In the _Maison Ikkoku_ manga we see people dancing at the Bon festival. (v. 3 p.124)
(FoJ p.172, JIE p.113)
BONFIRE see: * Okuribi *
BONUS see: * shoyo *
BOWING ON KNEES
Bowing is a part of respectful greeting in Japan, when someone is visiting a home a more formal bow may take place with the greeter on their knees with hands on the floor. In such a formal bow the most formal form involves the head touching the hands and is called zarei.
Compare the bows of Godai and Yotsuya to Kyoko when she introduces her self in _Maison Ikkoku_ (v.1 p.10)
(Vardaman-1 p.17, JIE p.118)
BOY'S DAY see: * Kodomo-no-Hi *
BOY'S FESTIVAL see: * Kodomo-no-Hi *
BRAIN DEATH see: * Organ Transplants *
BRIDE’S HEADDRESS see: * Tsunokakushi *
BRONZE MIRROR see: * seidokyo *
BUDDHIST FAMILY ALTAR see: * Butsudan *
BUDDHIST ROSARY see: * Juzu beads *
BUDOKAN HALL
Built in Kitanomaru Park in Tokyo for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics Judo competition this building is used for a variety of events among which martial arts competitions are still included.
In _Metal Fighters Miku_ (Tape 1 Episode 1) we see the Neo-Budokan of the future.
(LIT p.92)
BULLET TRAIN see: * Shinkansen *
BUTSUDAN
The Buddhist family altar which is a cabinet or niche with an image of the Buddha and memorial tablets (ihai) or photos of recently dead family members. Offerings of food, flowers and incense are regularly made at this altar.
We see a clear example of this in the _Ranma TV_ series (Tape 5 Episode 14)
(JIE p.150, LJS p.20)
CALPIS WATER OR SODA
Brands of soft drinks made with cultured milk. This is actually quite good. Given its unappetizing name it is sold in the U.S. as CalPico.
In _Blue Seed_ (Tape 1 Episode 1) Momiji has a cold can applied to her forehead by a classmate.
(I had to research this one in local markets.)
CARP see: * koi *
CARP STREAMERS see: * Koinobori *
CHALK MARKS AND ILLEGALLY PARKED CARS.
Given the population density of Japanese cities illegal parking has become a problem. Female traffic wardens patrol the city and when they find an illegally parked car they mark the locations of the wheels with chalk on a long holder. If the car stays there too long it is then towed.
In the _Phantom Quest Corps_ (Tape 2 Episode 4) we see chalk marks where Karino's car was illegally parked.
(LJS p.35)
CHERRY BLOSSOMS. see: * sakura *
CHESS see: * Shogi *
CHILDREN'S DAY see: * Kodomo-no-Hi *
CHOPSTICKS see: * hashi *
CHRISTMAS
(Kurisumasu) With less than one percent of Japan being Christian it may seem strange that Christmas is celebrated there. But it has been adopted by the Japanese who manage to make it fit in quite well. Many homes are decorated with fir tree branches and people eat "Christmas cake" Gift giving seems to be mainly for children and persons one feels very close to. Stores of course promote gift giving as Christmas falls close to the December bonus (* shoyo *).
Lum gives Ataru a present in the _Urusei Yatsura TV series (Tape 3 Episode 10 Story 19 -20)
Godai in _Maison Ikkoku_ (v.2) has trouble giving a Christmas present.
(JFC p.96, JIE p.200, Vardaman-2 p.27, TJ p.66)
CICADA SOUND see: * semi *
CLAPPING HANDS see: * Kashiwade *
COMICS BOOKS see: * Manga *
COMMUNIST PARTY OF JAPAN see: Nihon Kyosanto
COMMUTER TRAINS.
Trains are a major method of transportation in Japan, as in any civilized country. Primary school students , ages 6-12, get a half price discount on trains. However during the rush hour commuter trains can be very crowded. Japan Rail has the number of seats and capacity painted on the outside of its coaches.
The famous "Bullet Train" (* Shinkansen *) of Japan is used more for long distance trips than daily commuting.
We see Ataru take a train to an appointment with Princess Kurama (_Lum-1_ p.311).
(JIE p.1622, JFC p.126, 128-9)
COMMUTER TRAINS see also: * Shinkansen *
CURTAINS see: * Noren *
CUSHIONS TO SIT ON see: * zabuton *
DAIKOKU see: * Shichifuku-jin *
DAIMONJI OKURIBI see: * Okuribi *
DARUMA DOLLS
Daruma dolls represent Bodhidharma the founder of Zen Buddhism who is famous for devotion in sitting in meditation for long periods of time. His dedication to one task has made him a symbol of working towards one goal. When starting a project, or wishing for something, one often buys a Daruma doll and paints in one eye and upon its completion, or the granting of the wish, the other eye.
We see a Daruma doll with both eyes in the wish filling fantasy at the beginning of _Oh My Goddess_ (Tape 1)
(Vardaman-2 p.31-2)
DEATH, LEGAL DEFINITION OF see: * Organ Transplants *
DEATH ANNIVERSARIES see: * meinichi *
DIET BUILDING
The building where the legislative branch of the Japanese government meets. Construction on the Diet building began in 1920 and ended in 1937.
Diet building surrounded by troops Patlabor 2
In _Sanctuary_ (v.1 p.34, 164-167) many scenes take place outside of and in the Diet building.
(LIT p.94)
DIET, PARLIAMENT see: * Kokkai *
DIET MEMBERS PIN
Members of the Japanese Diet (Parliament) always wear a special pin that identifies their status. Deep purple pins are worn by members of the House of Councilors and maroon pins by the members of the House of representatives.
We see this pin in _Sanctuary_ (v.1 p.174)
(LIT p.95)
DIVINATION see: * sangi * * Zeichiku *
DOGEN
The founder, in 1227, of the soto sect of Zen Buddhism. A major figure in Japanese Zen Buddhism.
In _Zenki_ (Tape 2 Episode 4) we hear a story of a jar that was made for Dogen.
(JIE, p.289)
DOGS AND PREGNANT WOMEN
Due to a belief that dogs have little trouble giving birth women go to shrines on "dog days" to pray for an easy birth.
In _The Hakkenden_ (Tape 1 Episode 2) Tatsuka is praying at a shrine for a child, she has a vision of princess Fuse riding on the dog Yatsufusa and finds a puppy at the shrine.
(Vardaman-2 p.36)
DRINKS, POURING FOR ANOTHER
Filling the glass of another is a sign of courtesy for the person whose glass you are filling. This form of social interaction is common in Japan.
In _Sanctuary_ (v. 3 p.84) we see Don Mutsuo Imai overfilling Hojo's glass as a disrespectful gesture.
(Vardaman-2 p.38, JFC p.144)
DRUNK BLUSHING see: alcohol flush
DUSTER see: * hataki *
EBISU see: * Shichifuku-jin *
EELS see: * unagi *
EIYO DRINKS
Nutritional supplement drinks commonly consumed in Japan to build up stamina while performing hard tasks, like work or school. These commonly contain vitamins, herbs and caffeine.
In _Dragon Half_ (pt. 2) Mink is given what is claimed to be such a drink before the martial arts tournament.
In _Lum-2_ (p.46) Mendo is sucking on several bottles of eiyo drink in an attempt to stay awake in class.
The * yakuza * Tokuda is drinking such a beverage in _Sanctuary_ (v.4 p.7-8) as a preparation to having sex.
(Palter-1)
ENGI ERA
The period of Japanese history from 901-923.
A story that takes place in the Engi period is told in _Zenki_ (Tape 3 Episode 7)
(JIE p.342)
EN-NO-GYOJA.
A 8th century ascetic and sorcerer who is considered a founder of * Shugendo *. He is also venerated as the * Bodhisattva * Jimben Dai Bosatsu. He is the ancestor of Chiaki one of the main characters of the _Zenki_ series. See also * Zenki *
(JIE pp. 345, 1423)
ENNO-OZUNO see: * En-no-Gyoja *
ENOSHIMA
An island in Sagami Bay, about one hour south west from Tokyo by train this is a popular spot for tourists.
One place Ryoga went on way to meet Ranma for a fight in the lot near his house _Ranma TV_ (Tape 3 Episode 7).
(JIE p.345)
ENTRY WAY AT HOME see * genkan *
EXORCISM see: * tsukimono otoshi *
FAMILY ALTAR see: * Kamidana *
FEBRUARY 26, 1936
A military rebellion took place in Tokyo on this date. Many major political figures were killed, there were reports that Prime Minister * Okada Keisuke * was killed but what had happened is that his brother-in-law was shot instead. The rebellion failed and many of its leaders were executed.
The beginning of the _Mermaid Forest_ video takes place during this coup attempt.
(JIE p.359)
FIRE see: * Okuribi *
FIRE BRIGADE STANDARD see: Matoi
FIRECRACKERS IN SKY AS ANNOUNCEMENT
As a reminder of an upcoming festival or school field day the Japanese will set off two sets of three firecrackers in the sky to let the neighborhood know something fun is happening.
This is done in _Oh My Goddess_ (Tape 3) before the race sequence.
The banners that the army of Takeda Shingen carried had the characters Fu (wind) Rin (forest) Ka (fire) Zan (mountain) written on them. This stands for Fu (as swift as the wind) Rin (as silent as the forest) Ka (as deadly as fire) Zan (as unshakable as the mountains)
In the first _Dominion_ series, Act 2, the tank of the Squad Leader has this banner attached to it in the scene after the police are attacked.
We also see a partially obscured banner with these characters on it after the first race in _Oh My Goddess_ (Tape 3)
(FoJ p.45)
FUTON.
This is the main traditional bedding in Japan. It consists of a thick quilt like mattress and quilted bedcover laid out on the floor. When not in use futon are folded up and stored in a cupboard. It is important to keep futon dry to prevent mildew so on sunny days futon will be aired out by hanging them over a rail on a balcony.
Ranma and his father sleep on futons in the _Ranma_ manga and TV series.
And when we first see Towa in the _Mermaid Forest_ video she is laying on a futon, in the manga this is on page 196.
In the _Mermaid Forest_ manga (p.3) we see Mana sitting up on a futon.
In _Maison Ikkoku_ (v. 1 p.68) we get a clear view of a futon.
In _Rumic Theater_ (chapter 4 p.105) we see the hanging out futons on a balcony rail.
In the _Rumic World_ manga ( p.90) we see a young Azusa on a futon.
(LIJ p.163, JIE 435, LJS p.11, JFC p.50-51)
GAIRAIGO.
In the modern world all languages have words from other cultures. English would not sound at all like it does without the French, Spanish, German and Asian words it has. And many foreign words and phrases are also used in Japanese. The words I most often notice are English or French but I have had friends say they often hear Spanish or Portuguese words, such as "Pan" for bread.
To English speakers it may seem strange to hear an anime character say "thank you" as Ranma-chan does when she is handed P-chan in the boys locker room, or Ranma-kun does at the rich folks house (_Ranma TV_ (Tape 4 Episode 10)
(JIE p.897, Vardaman-2 p.96)
GAMES see: * Go *, * Mah-Jong *, * Shogi *
GARDEN DECORATION BAMBOO PIPE MOVING UP AND DOWN
see: * Shishiodoshi *
GATES see: * Torii *
GEISHA
Geisha are highly skill entertainers who from childhood learn to play music, sing old songs, and traditional Japanese dances. The skills of a geisha are so highly prized that most people never meet real ones. The usual way to meet a geisha is by a very proper introduction from someone, usually a long established customer. The fees paid to geisha are astronomical so to be entertained by a geisha on someone else's expense is quite an honor.
In the _Sanctuary_ manga (v.5 p.250) we see a meeting with geisha in the * Gion * district of * Kyoto *.
(LIT p.110, Vardaman-2 p.48)
GENGO see: * nengo *
GENJI
The major character of the Genji Monogatari (Tale of Genji) the early 11th century novel which is considered a major literary masterpiece written by the court lady * Murasaki Shikibu *. This work devotes a great deal of space to the loves of Prince Genji
We see a parody of this character in the form of Ataru Genji in the _Urusei Yatsura_ TV series (Tape 3 Episode 11 Story 21-22)
Genji is also the title character of the _Tale of Genji_ anime.
(JIE p.1518)
GENKAN
This is an area at ground floor height just inside the entry way of houses. It is here where you remove your shoes before entering the main part of the house. It is important not to step in this area with your stockinged feet to prevent bringing dirt into the house. It is also considered proper to face your shoes towards the door so that you can easily slip into them when you are ready to leave. Genkan are occasionally found in some other buildings
In _Lum-1_, on page 31, we see this lower entry area, and in the lower left panel of page 149 in we see shoes facing out towards the door.
In _Maison Ikkoku_ (v. 1 p.10) we see the genkan of the boarding house.
We see a genkan in the Bridal Chamber in "The Merchant of Romance" (_Rumic Theater_ chapter 2 p.37)
(Vardaman-1 p.46, LJS p.18)
GESTURES.
The meanings of hand gestures vary worldwide according to culture.
- In Japan something that looks like what we would call waving, palm down fingers moving up and down, means 'come here'.
This gesture can be seen in _Metal Fighter Miku_ (Tape 2 Episode 4), in the first Ranma OVA Tape ("Shampoo’s Sudden Switch, the Curse of the Contrary Jewel") as well as several other anime. Ataru uses this come here gesture to Lum before giving her the yellow ribbon in _Urusei Yatsura_ (TV series Tape 2, episode 7, story 13)
- Another gesture is holding up the little finger when referring to a girlfriend or mistress.
This is seen in _Oh! My Goddess_ (Tape 1) when Keiichi and Belldandy are looking for a place to stay.
In _Ranma_ (Tape 4 Episode 14) when Dr. Tofu's mother is first talking with Kasumi she holds up her little finger.
Sakamoto uses the little finger gesture to indicate that Godai has arrived at a bad time in _Maison Ikkoku_ (v. 3 p.255)
Tokai in _Sanctuary_ (v.3 p.19) is using this gesture when talking about Japanese girls.
- Holding a hand flat in front of the face and waving it back and forth is very similar to the western shaking of the head in disagreement or to indicate no.
Mink's friend Lufa does this waving of the hand in front of her face in _Dragon Half _ (Part 1)
- When the Japanese refer to themselves they do not point at their chest but at their face.
We see this in the meeting after the suit accident in _Metal Fighter Miku_ (Tape 2 Episode 4)
(JIE 453, LIJ p.110-111, Vardaman-1 p.18-21)
GETA.
These are wooden shoes, with two cross-wise supports on the bottom, that are attached to the foot with a thong.
Geta are worn by the coach in the _Metal Fighter Miku_ anime.
Ataru get hit in the head by a tossed geta on page 75 of _Lum-1_.
Geta are always worn with * kimono * when outdoors, in _Maison Ikkoku_ (v. 3 p.120-1) we see Kozue in a kimono and geta.
(JIE p.454)
GINKO
Also known as ginkgo, this hard tree is found in much of Japan. Its fan shaped leaves turn an attractive yellow in the Fall. In the Jingu Gaien park in Tokyo there is a 800 meter long street called Ginko Tree Lane which is one of the landmarks of this area.
Ginko leaves are seen on the wind in _Zenki_ (Tape 1 Episode 2)
And Lum is depicted ridding one of these on the cover of Lum-1.
(LIT p.147, JIE p.455)
GION DISTRICT
Gion district of * Kyoto * developed in the middles ages in front of Yasaka Shrine. Eventually this part of Kyoto became a major red light district, Today this is an entertainment area famous for its preservation of ancient styles.
In the _Sanctuary_ manga (v.5 p.250) we see a meeting with * geisha * in the Gion district of * Kyoto *.
(MSK p.60)
GO.
Also called igo, an ancient game which entered Japan from China. Go is played on a board of 19 by 19 lines with black and white pieces which are placed on the intersection of the lines on the board. The rules of go are very simple and can fit on a small piece of paper, but the play is quite subtle and it can take years of play to become skilled. But go players don't seem to mind putting in that kind of effort.
The fathers are playing Go in the second _Ranma_ OVA tape ("Akane vs. Ranma I'll be the One to Inherit Mother's Recipes").
Also the coach in _Gunbuster_ (Episode 4) is seen playing a game in his quarters on the ship when Amano visits him.
(JIE p.458, LIJ p.137, JFC p.142)
GOD OF THUNDER SEE: * Raijin *
GOHEI.
(1.)
A wand decorated with paper or cloth streamers used in Shinto rituals. Often this is in the form of harae-gushi, "Sacred mulberry paper called nusa attached to a stick" waved to the right, left and right in a purification ritual.
This can be seen in the beginning of the Lupin anime _The Fuma Conspiracy_
In the first _Zenki_ episode we see the use of this by Chiaki.
As well as by Sakura in _Lum-1_ in an exorcism ritual (p.82)
(2.)
Zigzag paper streamers often attached to * shimenawa * or other objects used in rituals.
(JIE p.462, 501, BTS p.11, 14).
GOLD FISH DIPPING see: * Kingyo-sukui *
GOURD see: * hisago *
HACHIKO DOG STATUE
Hachiko was a male Akita dog who everyday would go to the Shibuya Station to see his master off to work and would go to meet and walk home with him. After his master died the dog continued to go to the station for 11 years. The statue of Hachiko is a popular place to meet people.
In _Moldiver_ (Tape 3) one character asks another to meet her at the Hachiko Dog.
(LIT p.136 Vardaman-2 p.36)
HAGURO, MT.
The name of a mountain, in Yamagata Prefecture in northwestern Japan, known for the * Shugendo * ascetics, known as * yamabushi * , who practice their discipline there.
In one of the inserts that comes with the first _Phantom Quest Corps_ video the character Rokkon is said to have studied ascetic practices on Mt. Hagoromo. The only mountain I can find with a name similar to this is Mt. Haguro. The yamabushi are known, among other things, for their ability to perform exorcisms, one of Rokkon's skills.
(JIE 486, 1724 Earhart-1)
HAKAMA.
Loose trousers tied over a * kimono * or haori. These are so loose that they can be mistaken for a skirt.
Kuno's clothes when you first see him, and often later, include hakama, in the _Ranma_ manga (v. 1 p.74) and _Ranma TV_ (Tape 1 Episode 2)
Goemon in the _Fuma Conspiracy_, and other Lupin anime, wears hakama.
Kaieda in _Mai the Psychic Girl_ (v.1 p.46-7) often wears hakama.
In _Sanctuary_ (v.5 p.26) Isaoka wears hakama at an official event.
(JIE p.490)
HAKONE
Hakone is a town located west of Tokyo near lake Ashinoko known for it's good view of Mt. Fuji.
In _Sanctuary_ (v.3 p. 84) a meeting takes place in Hakone.
(JIE p.491)
HANABI
Fireworks manufacturing techniques were introduced into Japan in the 16th century by the Portuguese. Japanese fireworks are especially noted for their variety of floral star burst rockets. Fireworks displays are common during summer festivals. The most famous of these is the Sumidagawa Hanabi Taikai which is held in Tokyo on the last Saturday in July on the banks of the Sumida river.
We see fireworks at the Bon Festival in _Maison Ikkoku_ (v. 3 p.13)
"Fireworks play a role in the first episode of _Your Under Arrest_.
(LIT p.35, FoJ p.174, JIE p.376, Vardaman-2 p.42)
HAND GESTURES see: * Gestures *
HAPPI COAT
The happi coat is a straight sleeved coat made of indigo or brown cotton and imprinted with a crest. Originally this was the family crest and worm by servants. Later it became common for shop and organization names to be on happi. Such coats are often worn by participants in festivals.
We see happi coats in the _Mermaid's Scar_ manga (p.57) worn by searchers for a missing young woman.
(FoJ p. 83, check JIE p.501)
HARAE-GUSHI See: * Gohei *
HASHI
Chopsticks are rather commonly known outside of Asia even if many of us cannot properly use them. There are several kinds of hashi, these include: common ones for eating (often lacquered), disposable ones for eating (these are made of a single piece of wood that you break apart), and longs metal ones for cooking.
Disposable chopsticks are usually broken after use due to an old belief that spirits could attach themselves to a discarded chopstick and make the user ill.
At home people often have their own chopsticks which no one else uses.
There are special long chopsticks, called waribashi, used for cooking.
There are proper manners for using chopsticks which are explained in several of the sources for this entry.
Natsumi accidentally breaks her disposable hashi near the end of the first _Your Under Arrest_.
We see red chop sticks used by Akane in the _Ranma TV_ series (Tape 6 Episode 16)
A hataki is made up of cloth strips on a stick and is used for knocking dust off surfaces to the floor where it can be swept or vacuumed up.
In _Maison Ikkoku_ (v.1 p.15 top of page) we see Kyoko using a hataki
(JFC p.49)
HEIAN PERIOD
The Japanese historical period from 794-1185, from when the capital was moved to Heian (present day * Kyoto *) until the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate.
The Heian court is parodied in the _Urusei Yatsura_ TV series (Tape 3 Episode 11 Story 21-22)
(JIE p.517)
HEISEI PERIOD.
This is the name giver to the reign of the present emperor, Akihito, beginning on January 7 1989. Hei means Peace and Sei means achievement.
In the opening sequence of _The Phantom Quest Corps_ there is mention of the Heisei Period
See also: * nengo *
(JIE p.523, Vardaman-2 p.55)
HIBACHI
In the west we often think of hibachi as small square devices for charcoal cooking. In Japan this term is used for charcoal heating units that are often round, filled with ash and have tongs (hibashi) to move the coals. While these are sometimes also used to heat snacks or tea water their main purpose is to heat a room.
Princess Kurama is huddles over a hibachi in _Lum-1_ (p.379)
And Ataru is hit by one in _Urusei Yatsura_ (TV series Tape 3 Episode 11 Story 21-22)
(LIJ p.163, JIE p.525)
HISAGO.
A dried out hollow gourd, larger ones are used for carrying sake, smaller ones for spices or pills. This gourd has a shape which is narrower in the center allowing a cord for carrying to be tied around it.
An example of drinking from one is seen near the end of the _Zenki_ story "The Jar of Desires" (Tape 2 Episode 4)
In the _Urusei Yatsura_ TV series (Tape 3 Episode 9 Story 17) We see a * tengu * drinking from a small hisago, Ataru thinks it wants to take medicine.
(JIE p.542)
HOKKAIDO
The most northern and second largest of the four major islands of Japan. Hokkaido is known for cold weather and large scale dairy farming. The capitol of Hokkaido is * Sapporo *
In _Ranma_ (TV tape 3 Episode 7) Ryoga is seen in Hokkaido asking directions from a dairy farmer.
In _Sanctuary_ (v.2 p.91) Hojo goes to Hokkaido to meet Mr. Ichijima.
(TJ p.52, JIE p.551)
HOT SPRINGS see: * onsen *
HOTARU.
Fireflies. Firefly viewing is a traditional pastime in Japan. There is also a folk belief that the souls of the dead take the form of fireflies.
This folk belief puts _The Grave of the Fireflies_ in a very different light.
(JIE p.376)
HOTEI see: * Shichifuku-jin *
HYOTAN see: * hisago *
IGO see: * Go *
IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY see: * teikoku daigaku *
INKSTONE AND INK STICK.
For you to be able to write with a brush (fude) you need to have ink (sumi). Carrying or storing fluid ink is not easy. It is easier to carry dried ink and to prepare ink as you need it by rubbing a stick of dried ink on a wet inkstone.
Kuno is first seen using an inkstick and stone for writing a message in the _Ranma TV_ series (Tape 2 Episode 4)
(LIJ p.42)
INN see *Ryokan*
INRO
Containers with small compartments that were hung from a * kimono * sash, these were used for carrying small object and medicine.
In _Lum-2_ (p.6) Mendo is holding an inro with the family crest on it.
(LIJ p.44, JIE p.612)
IRIS FESTIVAL see: * Kodomo-no-Hi *
JAN-KEN
Often known in the west as Scissors, paper, stone. This is a very simple game where two or more players shout "jan ken pon!" and shape their hand into one of three shapes. The winner is determined by the following combinations, scissors wins over paper as scissors cut paper, paper wins over stone as paper covers stone and stone wins over scissors as stone breaks scissors. This is often used in much the same way that a westerner would toss a coin. I remember using jan-ken as a child in rural California more often than tossing coins.
In _Sanctuary_ (v.1 p.144 and v.2 p.212) we cases of jan ken used to make certain decisions.
(LIJ p.115, JFC p.67, JIE p.647)
JAPAN COMMUNIST PARTY see: Nihon Kyosanto
JAPANESE CHESS see: * Shogi *
JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS see: * Nihon Kogyo Kikaku *
JAPANESE INN see * Ryokan *
JIS see: * Nihon Kogyo Kikaku *
JIZO.
A very popular * bodhisattva * who is seen as a savior of children and those suffering in hell. Small statues of Jizo are often seen by the side of the road in Japan, sometimes in groups and often with a cloth or bib around the image's neck.
These road side statues show up several times in _The Hakkenden_.
In the _Ranma TV_ series (Tape 6 Episode 17) a statue of Jizo is used to hit Ranma.
(JIE p.688, LIJ p.33, JFC p.166, Vardaman-2 p.17)
JUROJIN see: * Shichifuku-jin *
JUZU BEADS.
A rosary of beads used to keep count while reciting the name of the Buddha.
The Hadja priest in the _Phantom Quest Corps_ (Tape 2 Episode 4) story "Lover Come Back To Me" carries a small set of these beads as does one of the praying members of the chemistry club in the _Ranma TV_ series (Tape 3 Episode 8 ).
(JIE p.135)
KADOMATSU
(Gate pine) A decoration usually made of pine and bamboo which is placed in front of the house from January 1 until the 7th or 15th. These are considered temporary quarters for the god of the New Year.
In _Urusei Yatsura_ (TV series Tape 3 Episode 11 Story 21-22) Ataru's parents are admiring the kado-matsu they bought, it is rather small.
(Vardaman-2 p.34, FoJ p.16, JFC p.75, JIE p.708, LIJ p.81)
KAMAKURA PERIOD
c1185-1333. This period in Japanese history is named after the city of Kamakura, the capital of the Kamakura shogunate.
In Zenki (Tape 2 Episode 4) there is mention of the Kamakura Period.
(JIE p.720-724)
KAMI
The word kami is impossible to translate directly into English. Words that have been used to translate kami include: god, deity, spirit, and "superior and mysterious force".
(JIE p.727)
KAMIDANA.
Shinto altars mounted on walls, the word literally means "kami shelf". These often are in the form of a shelf placed high on a wall with a miniature shrine and offerings to the * kami * in front of it. These are found in homes, shops, restaurants, offices and martial arts halls (dojo).
So far in anime I have usually seen them in dojos, for example in the _Ranma TV_ series (Tape 1, Episode 1), the Ranma manga (v. 1 p.22), and _Your Under Arrest_ (Tape 1)
You see a kamidana when you see Princess Kurama's control room in _Urusei Yatsura_ (TV series Tape 3 Episode 12 Story 24)
(JIE p.1390, BTS p.28, LJS p.20, JFC p.114)
KAMINARIMON GATE
The Gate of Thunder. This is the famous entry way to the * Sensoji Temple *. A huge red lantern is suspended above the entryway, this lantern weighs more than 100 kg and is 3.3 meters tall.
We see this gate when Momiji and Kome go to the * Sensoji Temple * (Identified erroneously as the Kaminarimon shrine) in _Blue Seed_ (Tape 2 Episode 4)
(LIT p.18)
KARAOKE.
The word karaoke means literally: "empty orchestra" This is a prerecorded music track which allows one to be the singer of the song. This is a very popular pastime which is often found in bars, clubs and even homes.
A karaoke machine is in a cab at the beginning of the _Phantom Quest Corps_ episode "The End of the World" (Tape 1 Case 2)
The _Tenchi-Muyo_ special _Pretty Sammy_ begins with the mother singing to a karaoke recording at home.
(JIE p.746-7, JFC p.140-, LJS p.84-)
KARUTA HAJIME
A card game in which cards are spread out on the floor. Each card has the last two verses of a famous tanka poem. One person reads the first part of the poem and the others reach for the card that has the rest of the poem.
This poetry matching game is being played in _Urusei Yatsura_ (TV series Tape 3 Episode 11 Story 21-22)
(JFC p.76)
KASHIWADE.
Clapping hands at chest height in worship. This is a Shinto custom which is not done at Buddhist temples.
This custom that can be seen in the first _Tenchi-Muyo!_ tape after the explosion at the school.
(BTS p.30, Vardaman-2 p.97)
KENDO.
The word kendo is a recent term that means "way of the sword". This is Japanese fencing based on samurai two handed sword fighting styles. In the 18th century protective equipment and a bamboo sword, the * shinai *, were introduced to reduce injuries.
In his introduction Kuno notes that he is a practitioner of kendo. (Ranma TV Tape 1 Episode 2) and one sees kendo training in the _Ranma_ manga (v. 4 p.38)
(JIE p.772, LIT p.93)
KIMONO.
A traditional robe like garment worn by both men and women. Women's kimonos tend to be more colorful. There is a light cotton version of the kimono called a yukata.
A kimono are worn by Nabiki (in the TV series) when Ranma first arrives (_Ranma TV_ Tape 1 Episode 1) and by Ranma and Akane when they go to the fair (_Ranma_ manga v. 4 p.170)
Kyoko wears one in _Maison Ikkoku_ (v. 2 p.81)
(JIE p.780-783, LJS p.17)
KINGYO-SUKUI.
Goldfish dipping, this is done by attempting to catch goldfish in a tank with a "spoon" made of a handle with a loop of wire and paper over the loop. This takes a great deal of skill otherwise you break the paper.
In _Your Under Arrest_ (Tape 2) this game is listed by Natsumi as one of the activities she wanted to do that summer.
In the _Ranma_ manga we see Ranma playing this game. (v. 4 p.170)
And in _Maison Ikkoku_ (v. 3 p.122) Godai and Shun both try this at the * Bon festival *.
(LIJ p.94, JFC p.87)
KINTARO.
In Japanese folklore Kintaro (literally: "Golden Boy"), the childhood name of Sakata no Kintoki, was born the son of a mountain witch, possessed a hatchet and wrestled with bears and other animals as a child. The historical Sakata no Kintoki was one of retainers of the warrior * Minamoto no Yorimitsu. *
In _Urusei Yatsura_ (Tape 1, Episode 4, Story 1) we see Kintaro portrayed as an alien child come to Earth.
The character Kinta in _Metal Fighters Miku_ is sometimes also called Kintaro.
(JIE p.788)
KISSHOTEN see: * Shichifuku-jin *
KITSUNE.
Foxes have been thought to have supernatural abilities and to be messengers of Inari, the kami of cereal crops. One finds both a reverence for foxes, in small shrines for foxes, and a fear of possession by fox spirits. Fox shrines have a statue of a sitting fox and Inari shrines often have statues of foxes near them.
There is a small fox shrine in _My Neighbor Totoro_ in the scene where the girls wait for their father at the trolley stop.
In the upper right panel of p.80 in _Lum-1_ you can see a fox statue near the * torii * as well as (on p.82) a fox statue on a Shinto altar along with a mirror (* seidokyo *), paper slips on the wall (*senja-fuda*), and a statue of a * tanuki *.
(JIE 406, 598, LIJ p.105, Vardaman-2 p.45)
KODOMO-NO-HI
Before WWII May 5, the 5th day of the 5th month, was a festival for boys now it is a national holiday in honor of all children. There is still a certain emphasis on boys on this day. For example * koinobori * are flown on this day and small stands are set up with replica's of ancient weapons, swords, armor, bows and arrows etc. or just a samurai helmet as symbols of strength.
(JFC p.84-, TJ p.63, JIE p.187, LIJ p.86 )
KOI.
The Carp is both eaten and bred as an ornamental fish in Japan. The koi are special breeds of ornamental carp which are kept in ponds.
We see examples of ornamental koi in ponds in the _Ranma TV_ series (Tape 1 Episode 1) and in _Zenki_ (Tape 2 Episode 4)
(JIE p.163)
KOINOBORI.
Carp streamers, these banners are flown outside houses on May 5, Children's Day. Carp are noted for their strength in swimming upstream and it is hoped that sons will show the strength and perseverance of carp in their lives.
In _Urusei Yatsura_ (Tape 1, Episode 4, Story 1) Lum is 'airing out' the steamers in the autumn, the wrong time of year.
(JIE p.811, FoJ p.167, JFC p.84)
KOKKAI
The Japanese legislative branch the Kokkai or Diet is a bicameral system divided into the Shugiin (House of Representatives or lower house) with 512 members serving 4 year terms and the Sangiin (House of Councilors or upper house) with 252 members serving 6 year terms.
In _Sanctuary_ much of the story involves political maneuvering in the Kokkai.
(JIE p.282-284, TJ p.166)
KOMA-INU.
A pair of sculpted animals , sometimes referred to as lions or as dogs, often seen in front of shrines and temples for protection from evil. One always has it mouth open the other has it closed. These are also sometimes known as Shishi-Koma-Inu.
In _Sanctuary_ (v.3 p.313) koma-inu can be seen in front of the shrine.
(BTS p.34 LIJ p.20, JIE p.821)
KONGOSHO see: * Vajra *
KOTATSU.
These are tables with a heat source underneath them. In the past the heat source was a pit with a small charcoal fire in the center of it. Nowadays these tables have an electric heater installed underneath. The table has a removable top and in the winter a quilt is draped between the leg section and this top to hold the heat in.
Kozue and Kyoko sit at a covered kotatsu in Kyoko's apartment in v.2 of _Maison Ikkoku_ (p. 27).
We see one of these at Ryoko's hideout in the _Tenchi-Muyo! Mihoshi Special_.
And in the upper right corner of page 161 in _Lum-1_.
Also in _Otaku no Video_ (pt. 1 3rd animation sequence)
(LIJ p.163, JIE p.833)
KOYASAN
Mt. Koya. A mountain in northern Wakayama prefecture in central Honshu. This mountain is famous for the headquarters of the Shingon sect and its Buddhist temples. There are over 111 temples on this mountain.
In the _Mermaid's Scar_ manga (p.272) a story is told about the priest * Saigyo * on Koyasan.
(JIE p.835)
KYOTO
From 794 until 1868 Kyoto was the capital and site of the imperial court of Japan. Originally known as Heiankyo this ancient capital was designed in a rectangular format after the Tang China capital of Chang'an. This city is famous for its architecture and cultural heritage.
P-chan returns from Kyoto in the _Ranma_ manga (v.2 p. 99)
The * Heian period * Kyoto is parodied in the _Urusei Yatsura_ TV series (Tape 3 Episode 11 Story 21-22)
In the _Sanctuary_ manga (v.5 p.250) we see a meeting being served by * geisha * in the * Gion * district of Kyoto.
(JIE p.857-)
KYUDO
Japanese archery, literally: "The way of the bow". In this case what is known as civil archery, archery from a standing position shooting at a target with form and etiquette being stressed. The military form is known as "kyujutsu" which is often done from horseback.
In the Rumic World manga (p.66) and video "Laughing Target" we see examples of kyudo.
(JIE p.868)
KYUSHU
The third largest and most southern of the four main islands of Japan.
Ryoga travels to Mt. Aso (* Asosan *) in Kyushu with the old woman who he is helping to find directions in the _Ranma TV_ series (Tape 3 Episode 9)
(JIE p.868)
LANTERN FESTIVAL see: * Bon Festival *
LEGISLATURE see: * Kokkai *
LITTLE FINGER see: * Gestures *
LOAN WORDS see * gairaigo *
MAGATAMA
Ancient crescent shaped beads found in many ancient archaeological sites and mentioned in legendary literature.
Mamoru has several of these implanted in his body in the _Blue Seed_ anime series.
A Chinese game that has become popular in Japan since it was introduced to Japan from China in the 1920s. Mah-Jong is played with 136 small tiles that are used in much the same way as cards in western games. Usually Mah-Jong is played by four players and it is not unusual for money to change hands in a game. Business men may play Mah-Jong to socialize with their clients. The Chinese characters for Mah-Jong literally mean "house sparrow" after the sound the tiles make when they are mixed on the table.
We see an example of Mah-Jong in _Lum-2_ (p.144)
(JFC p.143, TJ p.87, LIJ p. 135, JIE p.909)
MAME-MAKI see: * setsubun *
MAMUSHI see: * unagi *
MANEKINEKO
This word literally means "Beckoning cat" These are small statues of a sitting cat with one paw raised in beckoning. Made of ceramic or paper-mache these good luck talismans are often seen in businesses near the entrance as they are felt to bring in good fortune in the form of customers.
We see a beckoning cat statue near the bottom right in a restaurant in _Lum-1_ (p.70 )
In the _Ranma_ manga (v.4 p.54) one of these is seen behind Ranma as he assumes a "cat fist" position.
(LIJ p.102-3, JIE p.917, Vardaman-2 p.24)
MANGA
While the term can mean any illustrated story the term manga is usually used for Japanese comics. These are read by people of all ages from school children to adults. The four main groupings that are given to manga are: boy's (shonen) manga, girl's (shojo) manga, youth (seinen) manga, and adult (seijin) manga.
In _Mai the Psychic Girl_ (v.3 p.192) Hong is reading manga.
_Otaku no Video_ (3rd animation sequence) we see shelves of manga in Tanaka's apartment when Kubo goes to visit him.
We see Ataru reading manga in his bedroom in the _Urusei Yatsura_ TV series (Tape 3 Episode 9 Story 18)
(TJ p.117, JIE p.214-217)
MARRIAGE, ARRANGED
In Japan, as in many parts of the world, arranged marriages still exist. What is actually done is that a go-between (baishakunin or nakodo) handles communication between the families or the couple and sometimes even arranges the initial meeting.
At times arraigned marriages are done without a go-between with the families arranging things themselves, as in the engagement between Ranma and Akane in _Ranma_.
While these customs are declining it is still not unusual for a couple to have someone play the role of the go-between at the wedding and reception.
(Vardaman-1 p.95, Vardaman-2 p.68)
MARRIAGE CEREMONY
In Japan weddings are usually Shinto rituals, but Buddhist and Christian weddings are also common.
In the beginning of the Lupin anime _The Fuma Conspiracy_ the bride wears a * tsunokakushi * and we see the Shinto priest shaking * harae-gushi * as part of a purification ritual.
(JIE p.1694. BTS p.14, LIJ p.112-114)
MASKS, WEARING SURGICAL MASKS IN PUBLIC
see: surgical masks, wearing in public
MASSAGE PARLORS
Massage parlors in Japan are only for men. Often the young women who work in them offer a range of services, for a fee of course.
Godai finds out that Ayako works at a massage parlor in _Maison Ikkoku_ v.3 (192).
(LJS p.99)
MATOI
The traditional standard for fire brigades dating back to the days when fires were fought by local brigades, these often have interesting designs.
The standard on the roof of Kodachi's (St. Bacchus in the translated manga, St. Hebereke in the anime) school in _Ranma_ (manga v. 2 p.114 and _Ranma TV_ tape 4 Episode 11) looks very much like one of these.
(LIT p.68)
MEINICHI
Loved ones who have passed on are remembered by observing anniversaries of their deaths. Common practices include prayers, visiting the grave and placing something at the household altar that the person liked.
We see a visit to the graveyard in _Maison Ikkoku_ (v. 1 p.59) with a pouring of water over the memorial stone, burning incense and praying.
(JFC p.103)
MEMORIAL ALTAR see: * butsudan *
MIKO
Supplementary priestess found at Shinto shrines. Miko wear a long sleeved top called a chihaya and hibakama over their legs. In ancient time miko were more powerful figures and in some cases rulers.
Sakura in introduces herself as a miko and we see her later in the traditional garb. (_Lum-1_ p.77 and Urusei Yatsura TV series Tape 2, episode 5, story 9, in the anime miko is translated as sorceress, not quite the same.)
(JIE p.960, LIT p.116)
MIKUJI
Also known as Omikuji. A common fortune telling method found at many shrines and temples. Usually this method of fortune telling involves shaking a stick from a canister through a small hole in a corner. The stick has a number that corresponds to a slip of paper with the fortune written on it. These fortunes are often tied to trees on the temple or shrine grounds.
We see Momiji and Kome use this method of fortune telling at the * Sensoji Temple * (Identified erroneously as the Kaminarimon shrine) in _Blue Seed_ (Tape 2 Episode 4) After this they walk past a tree with some of these fortunes tied to it.
(Vardaman-2 p.44, LIJ p.22)
MINAMOTO NO RAIKOH see: * Minamoto no Yorimitsu *
MINAMOTO NO YORIMITSU
948-1021. A * Heian Period * military leader who aligned himself with the Fujiwara family.
A story of how his men killed the running demon is told in _Zenki_ (Tape 3 Episode 7)
(JIE p.965)
MINISTRY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INDUSTRY
see: * Tsusho Sangyo Sho *
MIRROR see: * seidokyo *
MISOGI.
"A practice of removing sin and pollution from body and mind by use of water." There are many specific forms of misogi depending on the circumstances. Some forms of using water for purification include * mizugori *, kessai, te-mizu, and shubatsu (where salt water is sprinkled). There is also a custom of sprinkling water at the gate of one's home in the morning and the evening.
On the way to school Ranma gets wet by stepping in the way of an old woman who is sprinkling water at her gate in the _Ranma TV_ series (Tape 1 Episode 2)
(BTS p.40, JIE p.978)
MISOGI see also: * Mizugori *
MITI see: * Tsusho Sangyo Sho *
MIZUGORI
(Lit: "removing impurities by water") This ascetic practice is related to * misogi * and is done by standing under a waterfall or by pouring buckets of cold water on oneself.
Princess Karama has Ataru doing * misogi * under a waterfall in _Lum-1_ (p.298) and the _Urusei Yatsura TV_ series (Tape 3 Episode 9 story 17)
In _Akane vs. Ranma_ Soun Tendo is pouring water on his shoulder as part of a prayer for his daughter's success in the kitchen.
In _Blue Seed_ (Tape 1 Episode 1) we see Momiji doing this in the cave, and the water must be quite cold as its winter.
(BTS p.40, JIE p.978)
MOKUGYA.
A fish shaped wooden percussion instrument often associated with Buddhist chanting.
Early in the Lupin anime _The Fuma Conspiracy_ you don't get a clear view of it but Zenigata is hitting one of these while chanting sutras.
(LIJ p.26)
MOMOTARO
A character from folklore who left home with a dog, a pheasant and a monkey to fight demons on an Island and return with their treasure for his foster parents.
He is parodied in the _Urusei Yatsura_ TV series (Tape 3 Episode 11 Story 21-22)
(JIE p.998)
MONEY OFFERINGS see: * Saisen *
MONKS HAT see: * sando-gasa *
MT. ASO IN KYUSHU see: * Asosan *
MT. KOYA see: * Koyasan *
MURASAKI SHIKIBU
The court lady who is best known as the author of the masterpiece of Japanese literature the Genji Monogatari (Tale of Genji).
She is parodied in the _Urusei Yatsura_ TV series (Tape 3 Episode 11 Story 21-22)
(JIE p.1015)
MURASAKI SHIKIBU see also: * Genji *
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS see: * Mokugya *
MY CITY
A building located just outside the * Shinjuku * station in Tokyo.
In _Otaku no Video_ (pt. 1, 1st animation sequence) after the tennis game we see My City.
In _Patlabor 2_ My City is seen, from the street, behind the officer who is ordering the troop evacuation to higher areas.
( LIT p.149)
NAWA NOREN see: * noren *
NENGO
Official names of reigns or parts of reigns of rulers. The present era is known as the * Heisi Period *
(JIE p.1073)
NEW YEARS ORNAMENTS see: * kado-matsu *
NEW YEARS PINE see: * kado-matsu *
NEW YEARS SHRINE VISIT
Starting after 12 A. M. on the new year and continuing for a few days many Japanese will visit a shrine to pray for what they desire in the new year. Some will do this at Buddhist temples.
In _Maison Ikkoku_ (v.2 p.81) Godai and Kyoko go to the temple for the new year.
(Vardaman-2 p.77, TJ p.59)
NEW YEARS TEMPLE BELLS
Buddhist temples ring their bells 108 times starting at midnight on New Years. Each of the rings symbolize the sufferings that people afflicted by in this world according to Buddhist teachings.
In _Maison Ikkoku_ (v.2 p.81) Godai and Kyoko go to the temple for the ringing in of the new year.
(Vardaman-2 p.77)
NIHON KOGYO KIKAKU
The Japanese Industrial Standards. This is the officially established standard for mining and industrial products. This standard was established to encourage productivity through standard terminology, symbols, signs and quality of goods. Foreign made goods have been subject to this standard since 1980. Goods that qualify are allowed to carry a JIS label. This specifications for this standard are set by the MITI, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (* Tsusho Sangyo Sho *).
We see the Japanese Industrial Standards label on the bottom of the bottle of Chinese made shampoo Ranma got from Shampoo in the _Ranma TV_ series (Tape 6 Episode 17)
(JIE p.686)
NIHON KYOSANTO
Japan Communist Party. Founded in 1922 the Nihon Kyosanto operated illegally until after WWII. The party survived the anti-communist purges of the government and industry ordered by the occupation forces in the early 1950s.
In _Sanctuary_ (v.3 p.25) we see an election poster for a communist party candidate.
(JIE p.660)
NINE MAGIC SYLLABLES see: * Rin-byo-to-sha-kai-jin-retsu-zai-zen *
NOODLE SLURPING
While noodle slurping is a common way to cool hot noodles when eating them it is not considered proper behavior among the more cultivated Japanese.
Ataru however is not bothered by such niceties in _Lum-1_ (p.71).
(Vardaman-2 p.78)
NOODLE SLURPING see also: * ramen *
NOREN.
Split curtains usually seen in front of businesses to indicate that they are open, or to separate the kitchen from the rest of the house. Often these are half curtains that end about chest or neck height.
Noren are seen in front of a business in the _Ranma TV_ series (Tape 1 Episode 3)
Noren in front of a restaurant can be seen in _Lum-1_ (p.70)
Another good example is on p.100 of volume 1 of _Maison Ikkoku_.
Noren are also seen at the entrance to the Tendo's kitchen in many of the _Ranma_ videos (for examples see the first episode and vol. 1 p.27 of the manga.) and in Zenki (Tape 3 Episode 6)
There is also a style of noren which consists of cords rather than curtains. This indicates a drinking establishment and is called nawa noren.
An example of nawa noren is seen at the entrance of a bar in the _Maison Ikkoku_ manga (v. 1 p.262-3)
(JIE p.1113-4, LIJ p.93)
O-
Many words begin with the honorific O. If you cannot find a term that begins with O just try under the next letter.
OBON see: * Bon festival *
OKADA KEISUKE
1868-1952 The Prime Minister of Japan from 1934-February 28, 1936. He narrowly escaped death on * February 26, 1936 * when rebels attacked his residence. He played a major role in the overthrow of the Tojo Hideki cabinet near the end of WWII
The beginning of the _Mermaid Forest_ video takes place during this coup attempt and has a newspaper wrongly reporting his death.
(JIE p.1135)
OKONOMIYAKI.
This is made from a batter of flour, eggs and water, with shredded cabbage and a variety of other ingredients on a hot griddle. Usually the customer cooks their own on a griddle built into the table. If the server cooks it is then cooked right in front of the customers. After cooking okonomiyaki is topped with any of several ingredients.
In the _Ranma_ OVA Tape 1 "Tendo Family Christmas Scramble" 2nd kitchen scene and the manga version of _Ranma_ (part 5 # 1) Ukyo is seen cooking this dish.
(JIE p.1143, JFC p.125, Vardaman-2 p.81)
OKURIBI.
A huge fire set at the end of the * Bon festival * to send the souls of the dead on their way. In the Daimonji Okuribi fires are lit on five mountains.
In _Moldiver_ (Tape 5) one can see the okuribi on Mt. Nyoigatake which forms the Chinese character dai (large).
We also see the Mt. Nyoigatake okuribi in the early part of _Blue Seed_ (Tape 1 Episode 1) when the scenes representing Japan flash by, note that this is symbolic and does not indicate when the beginning of _Blue Seed_ is taking place.
(FoJ p.98-99)
O-MI-KUJI see * mikuji *
ONI.
Japanese demons. Often oni are often portrayed with horns and wearing animal skins. Oni are not always evil and are sometimes portrayed as protective.
Two Oni in anime are Zenki from the _Zenki_ series and Lum from _Urusei Yatsura_
(BTS p.46, FoJ p.152, JIE p.1151, LIJ p.105)
ONSEN
Hot spring baths. Onsen are often part of an inn (* ryokan *) which means that food and lodging is also provided. Given the volcanic nature of much of Japan the fact that hot springs are common is to be expected. These hot springs are often used as a source for hot water in baths. It is common for the men's area of an onsen to be larger than the women's due to the fact that until recently the customers were primarily male.
A hot spring bath is seen in _Zenki_ (Tape 1 Episode 1)
Both the women's and men's areas of an onsen are seen in _Tenchi-Muyo_ (Tape 4)
(LIJ p.166, JIE 568, Vardaman-2 p.57, LJS p.120-)
ONSEN see also: * sento *
ORGAN TRANSPLANTS.
One controversial issue in Japanese society is that of the legal definition of death. The Japanese definition of brain death is such that there is a shortage of suitable organs for transplant.
In the _Phantom Quest Corps_ (Tape 1, Episode 2) there is a hospital director who is using unusual means to obtain organs for transplant, a most profitable operation.
(JIE p.119)
OROCHI-NO OROCHI see: * Susanoo-no-Mikoto *
PACHINKO.
I have heard pachinko called "vertical pinball" This description is not a bad one as that is essentially what it is. In fact both pin ball and pachinko originated from the Corinthian Game which developed in the United States in the early 20th century. Pachinko parlors are found all over Japan and in them you will find rows of players lining the aisles, the balls are not just contained in the machine but in an open tray at the bottom which fills up as you win more, or empties as you loose. One can also find pachinko machines with a slot machine window display in the middle which when the numbers line up right results in more winnings. If you win enough balls you can trade them in for prizes, which are at times illegally exchanged for money. Given this illegal gambling side to pachinko parlors they have a rather rough reputation in the eyes of some Japanese.
We get to see the inside of a pachinko parlor and a good look at the machines, and a couple of tough looking customers, in _Mai the Psychic Girl_ (v.1 p.218-224)
In _Maison Ikkoku_ v. 3 (p.22, 181, 213-) we see several scenes with the interior or exterior of pachinko parlors.
Green phones are becoming more common as they accept both 10 yen coins and telephone cards.
Green phones with gold bands can be used for overseas calls.
Gray phones have jacks for modem and fax connections.
Yellow phones use ten and one hundred yen coins for toll and long distance calls.
Pink phones are found in businesses, these are privately owned and the owner of the business pays the phone bill with the revenue from this phone.
Kubo uses a yellow pay phone in _Otaku no Video_ (3rd animation sequence).
Ataru is using a red phone to call Shinobu in the _Urusei Yatsura_ TV series (Tape 2, Episode 6, Story 11)
We see what I assume is a pink pay phone, as its not in a regular booth, being used by Ataru in _Lum-1_ (p.97)
Kyoko installs a pink pay phone in the _Maison Ikkoku_ manga (v. 1 p 243).
In an early scene in _Oh My Goddess_ (Tape 1) Keiichi uses a pink pay phone in his dorm to receive calls and order takeout.
In the _Phantom Quest Corps_ (Tape 1 Episode 2) Ayaka uses a gray phone to download information to her Casio personal digital assistant.
In Zenki (Tape 3 Episode 6) we see a Green pay phone.
(Vardaman-2 p.82, LIT p.171, TJ p.121)
PEACH BOY see * Momotaro *
PISSING IN PUBLIC see: * urinating in the street *
POETRY CARD GAME see: * karuta hajime *
PIZZA see: * Okonomiyaki *
PRAYER BEADS see: * Juzu beads *
PRIESTESS, SHINTO see: * Miko *
RACCOON DOG see: * Tanuki *
RAIJIN
The God of thunder. Raijin is portrayed as having a circle of drums attached to his back which he beats to make the sound of thunder.
We see Lum as the god of thunder with the circle of drums in _Lum-1_ (p.329) and in the _Urusei Yatsura_ TV series (Tape 3 Episode 9 Story 18)
(TJ p.91)
RAIN CHARM see: * teruteru-bozu *
RAMEN
Ramen is a noodle dish. Originally this came from China but has become a common dish in Japanese cuisine. Ramen can be made at home, be bought in restaurants specializing in it or packaged as dried "instant" ramen. When eating hot ramen Japanese often slurp their noodles to cool them.
Godai gives ramen to Kyoko in _Maison Ikkoku_ v. 2 (p. 14), note the Chinese style bowl he uses.
In the _Urusei Yatsura_ TV series (Tape 2, Episode 5, Story 9) Ataru is eating ramen in a restaurant while watching TV.
In the _Ranma_ manga (v.5 p.158-) during the martial arts takeout contest Ranma delivers ramen.
Cup ramen shown during sequence of phones with no one there _Zenki_ (Tape 3 Episode 6 )
In the _Phantom Quest Corps_ (Tape 2 Episode 4) Ayaka is eating instant cup ramen when Mamoru answers the phone.
(JFC p.125, JIE p.1247, TJ p.81)
RAMEN see also * noodle slurping *
RED FACE see: alcohol flush
RIN-BYO-TO-SHA-KAI-JIN-RETSU-ZAI-ZEN.
The nine magic syllables.
These are recited by Rokkon at the beginning of Case 4 of the _Phantom Quest Corps_ (Tape 2 Episode 4)
(Blacker-1 p.244)
ROPPONGI.
After World War II the Roppongi district of the Minato Ward of Tokyo was the location of a U. S. Army base, this resulted in entertainment businesses growing in the area. Today Roppongi is a major entertainment area of bars, clubs, theaters. discos and restaurants. There are also many embassies in this area which contribute to its international flavor.
The _Sanctuary_ manga opens in this area (v.1 p.6).
(JIE p.1276, LIT p.128-)
ROSARY see: * Juzu beads *
ROUND BELL ON ROPE AT SHRINE see: * suzu *
RYOKAN.
The traditional Japanese inn. Rooms are not given numbers in traditional inns instead a name will be assigned to the room.
In the _Mai the Psychic Girl_ manga (v. 1 p.55 ) Mai is waiting for her father in the Crimson Foliage room.
In _Lum-1_ (p.183) Ataru's parents are "enjoying" a stay at a ryokan.
Shino stays in a ryokan in _The Hakkenden_ (Tape 2 Episode 4)
(JIE p.608, 610-11, LIJ p.160-5)
SACRED CORDS/ROPE see: * Shimenawa *
SACRED TREE see: * Shinboku *
SAIFUKU.
A white costume worn by Shinto priests for religious ceremonies.
The priest at the wedding in _The Fuma Conspiracy_ is wearing this kind of garb.
(BTS p.49)
SAIGO TAKAMORI
A political leader who lived from 1827 to 1877. This man is credited with bringing down the * Tokugawa Shogunate * A bronze statue of him with a dog is located near Ueno Station in Tokyo.
Early in the _Mermaid Forest_ video we see the statue shortly after seeing the train station.
In _Mai the Psychic Girl_ (v.1 p.65) we see this statue above a crowd in the park.
(LIT p.41, JIE p.1293)
SAIGYO
1118-90. A famous poet and priest of the Shingon sect of esoteric Buddhism. He spent a large portion of his life on Mt. Koya (* Koyasan *).
In the _Mermaid's Scar_ manga (p.272) a story is told about the priest * Saigyo * on Mt. Koya.
(JIE p.1293)
SAILOR FUKU
The sailor suit is a common style of girls uniform for middle school and high school students. The design ad name comes from European sailor uniforms and was introduced in the early 20th century in the Taisho era. Almost any manga or anime with school scenes will have students wearing this.
In the Lupin anime _The Fuma Conspiracy_ one sees sailor fuku in a flash back to the earlier relations of two of the characters.
Kodachi wears a sailor fuku in _Ranma TV_ (Tape 4 Episode 11)
In _Blue Seed_ (Tape 1, Episode 1) we see Momiji and her classmates in sailor fuku
In _Maison Ikkoku_ (v. 2 p.167) Kyoko's father is looking at several photos including one with her in a sailor fuku.
In _Otaku no Video_ (1st Interview) sailor fuku is mentioned as an interest of a student club and one is shown on the wall in the 3rd animation sequence.
Other anime series and manga where sailor fuku are common include:
_Project A-Ko_
_Mai the Psychic Girl_
_Urusei Yatsura_ and the _Lum_ manga series.
(TJ p.73, Vardaman-2 p.118)
SAILOR SUIT see: * sailor fuku *
SAISEN.
Money offerings at temples or shrines, usually these are for small amounts. The word is written with the characters ""temple visit" and "coin".
In _Your Under Arrest_ (Tape 1) you see Natsumi toss a coin in a Saisen-bako (box for money offerings)
(BTS p.50, LIJ p.22, Vardaman-2 p.97)
SAKURA
Cherry blossoms. Sometimes these fall so thickly that they could be mistaken for snow by those who are not familiar with this symbol of spring.
In _Oh! My Goddess_ (Tape 1), "Moonlight and Cherry Blossoms" they are most visible in the final scene.
The early _Ranma TV_ episodes often have stray cherry blossoms blowing in the wind.
In _Mai the Psychic Girl_ Mai is at an inn (see: * ryokan * ) where she see many cherry blossoms. (v.1 p.59)
We also see the story begins in the springtime in _Maison Ikkoku_ (v. 1 p.44) by the number of cherry blossoms.
(JIE p.180)
SALARIED MAN see: * sarariman *
SANDO-GASA
A bowl shaped hat made from sedge.
In _Urusei Yatsura_ the character Cherry often wears one of these hats.
(LIJ p.44)
SANGI.
Yin-yang divination blocks used in fortune telling to produce the trigrams of the ancient Chinese work the I Ching.
The _Phantom Quest Corps_ insert for tape 1 mentions that Ayaka 's family had a yin-yang fortune telling business
(LIJ p.106)
SANGIIN see: * Kokkai *
SAPPORO
The capitol of * Hokkaido * since 1869 when the Japanese government was promoting development of this northern island. Sapporo is famous for its beer and the ice sculptures of the February Snow Festival.
In _Sanctuary_ (v.4 p.201) we see a street scene in Sapporo.
(JIE p.1314)
SARARIMAN.
Salaried-man. One of many loan-words ( * gairaigo * ) common in Japanese. The sarariman is a white collared salaried wage earner. The common image of the sarariman is of putting in long hours basing his life around the company with little contact with his family.
One of the most famous examples of a sarariman is Ataru's father in the _Urusei Yatsura_ series.
(JIE p.1315-1317, LIJ p.118-9)
SCATTERING SOYBEANS see: * setsubun *
SCHOOL UNIFORM see: * sailor fuku *
SCISSORS PAPER STONE see: * Jan-Ken *
SEASONAL SYMBOLS see: * Sakura *
SEIDOKYO
In ancient Japan bronze mirrors, seidokyo, had ritual significance. Originally seidokyo were brought to Japan from China, in the 3rd century the Japanese started making them. One of the three traditional treasures of the Imperial Family is a bronze mirror.
In _Lum-1_ (p.82) we see a Shinto altar with a mirror as well as paper slips on the wall (*senja-fuda*), statues of a * tanuki * and a fox (* Kitsune *).
The cave in which Momiji purifies herself has an altar with a mirror and food offerings on it in _Blue Seed_ (Tape 1 Episode 1)
(JIE p.123)
SEMI
The semi, or cicada, is often not seen in anime and manga but is heard. This noisy insect is a symbol of summer as its distinctive sound is common in Japan at that time of year.
We "see" the sound of the semi in the _Ranma_ manga (v.5 p.22).
And we hear this sound at the beginning of the first _Tenchi Muyo!_ tape.
We also hear them in _Hakkenden_ (Tape 3 Episode 6)
(JIE p.204)
SEMPAI.
This word can be translated in several ways, often it is used in reference to an upperclassman in school.
In the _Oh! My Goddess_ and _Ranma_ series it is often used to indicate an upperclassman. For example in _Ranma_ Kuno is sometimes called Kuno-sempai.
Sempai can also refer to a mentor who has taken someone under their wing, as in a coworker with greater seniority helping a newer worker. An example of this is in the _Macross_ TV series where Hikaru calls Lieutenant Commander Fokker sempai, note that the translators have translated the term as "brother" a meaning it does not have.
Since she has been at the TAC longer Momiji refers to Kome as sempai in _Blue Seed_.
(JIE p.1344)
SENJA-FUDA
These are slips of paper pasted to walls and pillars of temples and shrines. A literal translation of this term would be "one thousand shrine card". These contain the address and information about the worshiper or their group on the paper. These are an expression of devotion placed by pilgrims.
In _Lum-1_ (p.82) we see a Shinto altar in the first panel with torii, mirror, fox statue, tanuki statue, and senja-fuda
(LIT p.29, Vardaman-2 p.81)
SENSEI
Titles are important when addressing people in Japan. The title "sensei" is most commonly used for doctors and teachers no matter what their rank is within their profession.
In the _Ranma TV_ series (Tape 3 Episode 9) Akane refers to Dr. Tofu as Tofu-Sensei.
In the _Urusei Yatsura_ TV series (Tape 2, Episode 5, Story 10) Sakura is called Sakura-sensei referring to her position as nurse
(Vardaman-1 p.26)
SENSOJI TEMPLE
A famous Buddhist temple in the * Asakusa * area of Tokyo which is entered by the * Kaminarimon Gate*. This temple often has large numbers of visitors.
We see Momiji and Kome at the * Sensoji Temple * (Identified erroneously as the Kaminarimon shrine) in _Blue Seed_ (Tape 2 Episode 4). In this episode we see the Kaminarimon Gate, the Nakamise Shopping Street and then the Hondo or Main Hall. At this temple Momiji and Kome use the fortune telling method known as * mikuji *
(LIT p.19)
SENTO
Public baths are more than a place to get clean. They often serve a social role as gathering places for conversation, gossip and general neighborhood interaction. Public baths are divided into two sections one for women and one for men. When going to a public bath you bring your own soap, shampoo, hand towel and a small wash bowl.
In _All Purpose Cultural Cat Girl Nuku Nuku_ (Tape 2 Episode 4) both men's and women's sides of the bathhouse are shown.
We see Godai and Kentaro meeting as they leave the public bath in the _Maison Ikkoku_ manga (v. 1 p.152), note that they have their wash bowls with them.
In the _Ranma TV_ series (Tape 1 Episode 3) the fathers go to the public bath when the plumbing is out of order in the Tendo house.
In the Ranma manga (v. 2 p.198) Ranma-chan goes to a public bath to change back into Ranma-kun.
The third or fourth of February is the festival of setsubun which according to the old calendar is the end of winter. On this day you scatter roasted soybeans outside the house while chanting "Oni wa soto, fuku wa uchi" ("Out with bad luck, in with good") to drive out * oni *. This scattering of soybeans is called mame-maki. Often the father of the house will wear an oni mask and is chased out of the house by the kids throwing the beans at him. Part of the tradition is to eat one bean for each year in one's age. One can also see this event at shrines often with celebrities throwing beans at the crowds.
There is a pun here in that the word mame can be written with different characters that mean "evil eye" or "evil diminishing" depending on which characters are used.
Ataru is the target of soybean throwing in _Lum-1_ (p.172)
The Seven Deities of Good Fortune or the Seven Lucky Gods: Ebisu, Daikoku, Fukurokuju (sometimes called Jurojin), Kisshoten, Hotei, Bishamon, * Benten * (also known as Benzaiten). The origins of these deities comes from a variety of traditions including, Buddhism, Shinto, Taoism, and Hinduism.
We meet the Shichifuku-jin in Takahashi Rumiko's story "The Golden God of Poverty" (_Manga Vizion_ v.1 #9 p.3-)
And again in _Lum-1_ (p.159) where the Shichifuku-jin are parodied.
(LIJ p.100-101, JIE p.1351)
SHIMENAWA.
A cord or rope made of rice straw used to mark a place as sacred. Shimenawa are often hung on * torii * , * Shinboku * , around rocks, before altars etc. And often shimenawa will be hung with * gohei *.
This are seen in the first _Zenki_ episode where these hang across a path, around the stone pillars at the top of the stairway, on * torii * and around the fire altar, and are also around * Shinboku * (sacred trees).
Also shimenawa are around some rocks in _The Hakkenden_ particularly the one near the old tree that is the background for so many important encounters.
In _Mai the Psychic Girl_ (v.1 p.88) we see a gate with a shimenawa over the entry way.
(LIJ p.81 BTS p.56, JIE p.1371)
SHINAI.
The bamboo sword used in * kendo * practice.
Akane uses one of these on Ranma after he makes a comment on the proportions of her clothes. _Ranma_ (Tape 3 Episode 7) and the _Ranma_ manga (v. 1 p.210)
We also see the bamboo sword used by Kodachi, _Ranma TV_ (Tape 4 Episode 12)
The coach in _Metal Fighter Miku_ (Tape 3 Episode 6) carries such a sword in the gym.
(JIE p.772, LIT p.93)
SHINBOKU.
A sacred tree identified by the * Shimenawa * around it.
In _My Neighbor Totoro_ we see that the camphor tree is a Shinboku.
(BTS p.56)
SHINJUKU.
This ward of Tokyo is a major administrative and commercial area of Tokyo. Many of the skyscrapers in Tokyo are found in this area, as are the offices of the Metropolitan government.
This area is where the Phantom Quest Corps is headquartered (_Phantom Quest Corps _ Tape 1 Insert)
The Shinjuku office of the Sagara Alliance * yakuza * group is attacked in _Sanctuary_ (v.5 p.248)
(JIE p.1378, LIT p.148)
SHINKANSEN
The famous "bullet train" of Japan started service between Tokyo and Osaka in October 1964 to coincide with the Tokyo Olympics. These are electric powered trains with very comfortable accommodations for passengers. As these trains are often used for long trips some have dining cars. The first line to run was the Tokaido line which runs south from Tokyo and has a great view of Mt. Fuji.
In _Sanctuary_ (v.4 p.163) we see Mt. Fuji from the Tokaido line.
(LIJ p.170, JFC p.128, TJ p.98)
SHINTO FAMILY ALTARS see: * Kamidana *
SHINTO PRIESTESS see: * Miko *
SHISHI-KOMA-INU see: * Koma-Inu *
SHISHIODOSHI.
This is a length of bamboo into which water flows, when it full it tips over to empty, as it falls back into place it hits a rock and makes a hollow sound.
We see one of these in the _Urusei Yatsura_ TV series (Tape 3 Episode 9 Story 17)
(LIJ p.16)
SHOGI.
The Japanese version of chess, the pieces are wedge shaped with the point facing towards the opponent. This game has an interesting rule that allows captured pieces to be returned to the board.
In the _Ranma_ (manga v.5 p.153, TV series Tape 3 Episode 7 and Episode 8) we see the fathers playing a game of shogi.
(JIE p.1403, LIJ p.136, JFC p.143)
SHOYO
In Japan many businesses pay bonuses twice a year in June and December.
Ataru's mother comments on her husbands bonus helping them since his income is so low in the _Urusei Yatsura_ TV series (Tape 2, Episode 7, Story 14)
(JIE p.116)
SHOBU NO SEKKU see: * Kodomo-no-Hi *
SHUGENDO
A Buddhist tradition that performs ascetic practices on mountains to obtain holy magical powers to benefit the community. Often its members wear a distinctive garb and are called * yamabushi *. Tradition says that * En-No-Gyoja * is the founder of this movement.
Examples of Shugendo practitioners in anime include Rokkon of the _Phantom Quest Corps_ anime series.
(JIE 1423, Earhart-1, Blacker-1)
SHUGIIN see: * Kokkai *
SITTING CUSHIONS see: * zabuton *
SLIPS OF PAPER PASTED TO TEMPLES AND SHRINES see: * senja-fuda *
SORCERESS see: * Miko *
STAMINA DRINK. see * Eiyo drinks *
STANDARDS see: * Fu-Rin-Ka-Zan *
STANDING UNDER WATERFALL see: * Mizugori *
STATUE OF MAN AND DOG IN PARK see: * Saigo Takamori *
STONE DOGS see: * komainu *
STONE LIONS see: * komainu *
STRAW rope see: * Shimenawa *
STREET VENDORS see: * Tofu seller * , * yatai *
SUIKA-WARI
A game played often at the beach where one person is blindfolded and tries to break open a watermelon with a stick.
In the _Ranma_ manga (v. 4 p.184) we see an interesting variant on this game as a martial art competition.
(LJS p.123)
SUMO.
Sumo is an ancient sport requiring great strength and skill. References to sumo are found in the earliest written histories of Japan. Over time sumo has become a professional sport with a large body of tradition in dress, training, ritual, etiquette and even food. Sumo is considered by many to be the national sport of Japan. If any part of a competitor touches the ground outside the ring or any part other than the feet touch the ground in the ring that person loses the match.
We see a sumo match in _Lum-1_ (p. 100)
In the _Ranma TV_ series (Tape 1 Episode 3) Akane fights a high school sumo wrestler.
There are several reasons one sees people wearing these masks in Japan. The mask filters germs and so sick people will often wear them to prevent spreading illness in public. This is important given how many Japanese commute by mass transit.
In the wintertime these masks also help keep ones face warm.
They are also quite good for filtering pollen for hay fever sufferers
We see Ataru wearing one as part of a disguise in _Urusei Yatsura_ (TV series Tape 2, Episode 5, Story 9) and _Lum-1_ (p.71).
(Vardaman-2 p.69)
SUSANOO-NO-MIKOTO
The * kami * of many things including storms, the underworld, agriculture, waters, and disease as well as the younger brother of Amaterasu Omikami, the kami of the sun. After being incredibly rude to his sister and the other kami he was banished from the High Celestial Plain (* Takamagahara *)
The story of Susanoo-no-Mikoto's slaying of the Orochi-no-Orochi and rescuing of Kushinada Hime is told in _Blue Seed_ (tape 1 episode 1)
A rather fanciful Susanoo-no-Mikoto is in the _Orion_ manga.
(JIE p.1028, 1483, 1735)
SUZU
In front of a shrine there is a rope with a clapperless bell over the offering box (see: * Saisen *). Worshipers shake the rope before praying.
In _Your Under Arrest_ (Tape 3) we see Ken and Natsumi at a mountain shrine where they do this.
(LIJ p.22, 83, Vardaman-2 p.98)
TABLE see: * Kotatsu *
TAKAMAGAHARA
The dwelling place of the celestial * kami *, also known as Takamanohara.
That the kami * Susanoo-no-Mikoto * was banished from the Takamagahara is mentioned in _Blue Seed_ (tape 1 episode 1)
(JIE p. 1508)
TAKAMANOHARA. see: * Takamagahara *
TAKING OFF SHOES see * genkan *
TANGO FESTIVAL see: * Kodomo-no-Hi *
TANGO NO SEKKU see: * Kodomo-no-Hi *
TANUKI.
A mammal of the Canidae family, the tanuki resembles the Raccoon in its facial features. The tanuki is considered to have supernatural abilities but, unlike the fox ( * Kitsune * ), is seen as amusing. Large ceramic statues of tanuki wearing a straw hat and holding a gourd bottle are sometimes displayed outside shops as decorations.
These ceramic tanuki are seen in _The Phantom Quest Corps_ (Tape 1 case 1) "Kiss of Fire" where Ayaka is carrying one as she follows a suspect.
In the _Ranma_ manga (v.4 p.43) we see a ceramic tanuki used in a booby trap.
In _Lum-1_ (p.82) we see a Shinto altar with a mirror (* seidokyo *) as well as, paper slips on the wall (*senja-fuda*), statues of a tanuki and a fox (* kitsune *).
(JIE p.1528, 1364)
TATAMI.
Floor mats made of straw with a rush surface and cloth border that measure approximately 180 x 90 cm. These look like large rectangles completely covering the floors of rooms. Room sizes are often measured by the number of tatami they will fit.
After vacuuming or sweeping tatami you wipe them down with a slightly damp cloth as Kyoko is doing shortly after moving into _Maison Ikkoku_ (v.1 p.15)
Tatami are often seen in historical settings and in many scenes in both the _Ranma_ videos and manga.
In the upper panels of page 16 in _Lum-1_ we can see the tatami rectangles on the floor.
In _Mai the Psychic Girl_ (v.1 p.57, 235) we see tatami drawn in such a way that you can see some of the weave in the design of the mats.
(LIJ p.182, JFC p.49, JIE p.1530)
TAXI
One can obtain an taxi at a taxi stand or by simply raising one's hand in the street. There is a light in the window of the cab, if this is red the cab is available if it is green the cab is taken. Passengers ride in the back of the cab unless there are too many to fit there. One does not need to open the door of a cab as these are controlled by the driver. Given the complex address system in Japan the driver may not know where you are going so you should be able to provide directions. Cab drivers in Japan have a reputation for good manners.
In the _Ranma TV_ series (Tape 5 Episode 14) Tofu's mother chews out a driver who is impatient about finding the clinic.
Imperial Universities. The universities established by the Imperial University Order of 1886. These were founded in the following order: Tokyo 1886, Kyoto 1897, Tohoku 1907, Kyushu 1910, Hokkaido 1918, Osaka 1931, and Nagoyo 1939. The Imperial universities were abolished as such after WWII and the schools were reorganized into national universities,
Yuta speaks to Nae about her fiancee, an Imperial University student in the _Mermaid's Scar_ manga (p.55)
(JIE p.596)
TELEPHONES see: * Pay Phone *
TENGU
Sometimes tengu are depicted as having a human body with a birds head and wings. At other times tengu are depicted as more human looking with a red face long nose. Tengu are often shown wearing the garb of a * yamabushi *
In the _Urusei Yatsura_ TV series (Tape 3 Episode 9 Story 17) and manga, (_Lum-1_ p.287) we see alien tengu wearing garb similar to yamabushi.
(JIE p.1549, LIJ p.105)
TENNO see: * Susa-no-o-no-mikoto *
TERUTERU-BOZU
These are small charms made with a ball or wad of stuffing and a piece of white cloth or paper tied below the stuffing and often with a face painted on it. These are hung from the eaves of a house as a charm for good weather.
Teruteru-bozu are seen during the rainy part of the ending animation to the first _Tenchi Muyo!_ series.
(Vardaman-2 p.85)
THROWING SOYBEANS see: * setsubun *
TOFU SELLER ON BICYCLE
One still sees in some parts of Japan a vendor on a bicycle blowing horn with box on the back of the bike. These are tofu sellers who ride around residential areas making sales.
In Zenki (Tape 3 Episode 6) we see one of these tofu sellers.
(LJS p.106)
TOILET, JAPANESE
The Japanese toilet seems very inconvenient for westerners as one has to squat over it to use it, unless you are a man or boy urinating. But the Japanese see it as more sanitary as your body does not touch the toilet. One end of the toilet has a hood and you squat facing it. Many public facilities will have both Japanese and Western toilets. One thing to be aware of is that it is not unusual for public toilets to not have toilet paper or hand towels. The Japanese often carry tissues for wiping and a handkerchief for drying their hands.
A view of a toilet is seen in the _Sanctuary_ manga (v.5 p.128)
(LIJ p.164, JFC p.46, LJS p.12, LIT p.172)
TOKONOMA
An alcove in traditional Japanese rooms for the display of art. These are raised a few inches higher than the floor. Often these will have a hanging scroll with an art object in them.
A tokonoma can be partially seen behind Ataru's father in _Lum-1_ (p.183)
(LJS p.20, JIE p.1576)
TOKYO DAIGAKU
Tokyo University established in 1877 this is the most prestigious university in Japan.
In _Sanctuary_ (v.2 p.104) a meeting takes place at Tokyo University and the main tower which is a symbol of this campus is clearly shown.
(LIT p.160, JIE p.1600)
TOKYO TOWER.
Built in 1958 in Minato Ward as a broadcast tower, Tokyo Tower has a height of 333 meters and two observation decks. This is the tallest structure in Tokyo and was used in the 4th lecture in _Gunbuster_ (Tape 2 pt. 1) to indicate the relative size of other objects.
In _The Phantom Quest Corps_ (Tape 1 Episode 1) the higher observation deck (250 meters from the ground) is the location of the battle with the vampire.
And in _Urusei Yatsura_ (Tape 1, Episode 2, Story 4) The Tokyo tower becomes the nesting site for the swallow.
In _Sanctuary_ (v.1 p.32) a significant meeting takes place at Tokyo Tower.
(JIE 1600, LIT p.130-)
TOKYO UNIVERSITY see: * Tokyo Daigaku *
TORII.
"A gate like structure placed at key points in a Shinto shrine precinct or path leading to the shrine.. " Sometimes torii are painted red, but plain torii are also often seen. The most primitive torii are two upright posts with a * shimenawa * tied between them.
In the beginning of the Lupin anime _The Fuma Conspiracy_ you see a scene with red torii and stairs.
In _Mai the Psychic Girl_ (v.1 p.87) we see a torii in the Myojin-Torii style.
(JIE p.1606 and 434, BTS p.72)
TOSSING SOYBEANS see: * setsubun *
TRAINS see: * commuter trains *, * Shinkansen *
TREE see: * Shinboku *
TSUKIMONO OTOSHI
Exorcism. In Japan exorcism is performed by someone with the proper training, often this is a * yamabushi *. There are several types of spirits that can possess a person and only someone with the proper training and the right techniques can drive out the spirit. Often the spirit is made to state its the reason it possessed an individual and attempts are made to set terms for its leaving that person.
Rokkon in the _Phantom Quest Corps_ has among his skills the ability to perform exorcisms.
Sakura in _Urusei Yatsura_ (TV series Tape 2 Episode 5 Story 9, Lum-1 p.80-88) attempts to exorcise the spirits associated with Ataru.
(JIE p.352)
TSUNOKAKUSHI.
A traditional headdress sometimes worn by brides at * weddings * , the tsunokakushi (literally "horn-hiding"), is supposed to suppress and hide the feminine "horn of jealousy"
This headdress can be seen at the beginning of the Lupin anime _The Fuma Conspiracy_
Also note the jealousy of the horned Lum in the _Urusei Yatsura_ anime and manga.
(JIE p.1693)
TSUSANSHO see: * Tsusho Sangyo Sho *
TSUSHO SANGYO SHO
Commonly known in the West as MITI, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, this ministry is responsible for formulating and implementing trade and industrial policy.
In _Sanctuary_ (v.3 p.7) mention is made of MITI.
(JIE p.969, TJ p.173)
TYPHOONS.
The Pacific equivalent of the hurricane. These happen in late summer and early autumn.
In both the first _Patlabor_ movie and _Your Under Arrest_ (Tape 2) typhoons play a major role.
(JIE p.1638, TJ p.27)
UCC COFFEE
A popular brand of canned coffee sold in tall slender cans.
One can see such a can among other trash after the assembly in _Gunbuster_ (Tape 1 pt. 1)
In the first tape to _Oh my Goddess_ Keiichi trips over a can while getting up to help Belldandy make tea.
(I had to research this one in local markets, tastes pretty good.)
UENO PARK
This Tokyo park opened to the public in 1873 and has a zoo, the Kan-eiji temple, a shopping area near by, several art and science museums. Ueno park is the location of the statue of * Saigo Takamori *
Mai and her father go through this park in _Mai the Psychic Girl_ v.1 p.65.
(LIT p.40, JIE p.1643)
UNAGI
Eels are considered a good food for building stamina, for this reason it is traditionally eaten on the hottest days of the year. A common way of cooking them is to baste them with a sauce and serve them on top of rice. This dish is called unaju and is served in a lacquer box.
In the _Ranma_ manga v.5 p. 27 Tofu * sensei * gives Ranma an eel to deliver to Mr. Tendo.
(LIJ p.150, Vardaman-2 p.40, JIE p.326)
UNAJU see: * unagi *
UNIFORM, SCHOOL GIRL'S see: * sailor fuku *
URABON see: * Bon festival *
URINATING IN THE STREET
For men and children to urinate in the street is not unheard of in Japan. While this is not as common for adults children have less social pressure preventing them from pissing in public.
At the beginning of _All Purpose Cultural Cat Girl Nuku Nuku _ Ryunosuke is putting his plumbing to one of its intended uses in an alley.
(Vardaman-2 p.119)
VAJRA
The symbolic term Vajra (Japanese: Kongosho) has several levels of meaning in Buddhism. In esoteric Buddhism the vajra symbolizes the delusion destroying power of wisdom. There are stylized thunderbolt implements, often made of cast brass, used in rituals which symbolize vajra.
An example of this kind of ritual implement is seen at the right and left edges of the titles scene at the beginning of _Zenki_
Also in _Zenki_ Chiaki is told of the Vajra power in her heart (Zenki Tape 1 Episode 1)
(JIE 134, 135)
VENDING MACHINES.
Vending machines are often seen outdoors in Japan. There are vending machines for a very large variety of products including hot beverages, and magazines. One even finds beer vending machines on streets in many areas.
In the first episode of the original _Macross_ TV series a mobile soda vending machine of the future is seen.
In the _Urusei Yatsura TV series (Tape 3 Episode 10 Story 19 -20) we see a beer can vending machine on the street.
In the first _Oh! My Goddess_ tape a vending machine dispenses hot drinks in cans, and in the Lupin anime the _Fuma Conspiracy_ some vending machines are seen during the case scene through town.
(LJS p.49)
VISITING GRAVES see: * meinichi *
VITAMIN DRINK see * Eiyo drinks *
VOTIVE CARDS see: * senja-fuda *
WATER, POURING OVER SHOULDER see: * Mizugori *
WATER, USED IN PURIFICATION see: * Misogi *, * Mizugori *
WATERMELON SPLITTING WITH A STICK see: * suika-wari *
WAVING see: * Gestures *
WEARING SURGICAL MASKS ON THE STREET
see: surgical masks, wearing in public
WEDDING CEREMONY see: *Marriage ceremony *
WHITE COSTUME FOR RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES see: * Saifuku *
Elevated temporary stages that have drummers and other musicians on them. People often dance (see: * bon odori *) around these stages at the * Bon Festival *.
In the _Maison Ikkoku_ manga we see this stage under construction (v. 3 p.114) and people dancing around it. (v. 3 p.124)
(FoJ p.172, JIE p.113)
YAKUZA
This word translates as gangster, gambler, good-for-nothing, (literally it means 8, 9, 3, a losing hand from a popular card game of the Tokugawa era). Usually this refers to persons involved in organized crime. Yakuza are often associated with right wing politics and are famous for tattoos and elaborate codes of honor and behavior. In 1990 the majority of arrests of yakuza involved stimulant drugs, infliction of bodily injury, blackmail, and gambling.
The manga series _Sanctuary_ heavily involves yakuza.
(JIE p.1721-23)
YAMABUSHI
Originally this term was applied to mountain ascetics who practices their austerities in the mountains to gain magical powers and holy abilities. Later it came to be used to refer to members of the * Shugendo * order. The traditional garb of a yamabushi include, among other things, a small cap (tokin). baggy trousers (suzukake), a collar with colored tufts, a Buddhist rosary (nenju) a staff with rings (shakujo)
In the first episode of _Zenki_ we see two corrupt yamabushi break in to a building on the shrine grounds, with bad results.
The character Rokkon in _The Phantom Quest Corps_ (Tape 1 Episode 2) is in the garb of a yamabushi.
Mobile food stalls where food is cooked and served are sometimes still seen in Japanese cities. Sometimes these have * noren * and a small area with benches or stools to sit while eating. Many of these also serve alcoholic beverages.
In the _Ranma_ manga (v. 4 p.117, and in the issue part 5 #1) you see these carts.
In _Urusei Yatsura_ (Tape 1, Episode 3, Story 6) we see a yatai in the park.
In _Lum-1_ (p.145) we see a ishiyaki-imo-ya (sweet potato seller) yatai stand and another selling corn on the cob in a park.
In _Sanctuary_ (v.4 p.201) we see one on a street in Sapporo with stools for the customers to sit on.
Kyoko's dad and Godai have a few drinks at a yatai in _Maison Ikkoku_ v. 3 (p.48).
(LJS p.104)
YIN-YANG BLOCKS see: * sangi *
YUKATA see; * kimono *
ZABUTON
Cushions for sitting on. * tatami * or wooden floors.
Princess Kurama is on two of these sitting cushions in _Lum-1_ (p.301)
In _Maison Ikkoku_ (v. 1 p.54) Godai offers Ikuko a zabuton to sit on.
Momiji's mother sits on a zabuton in _Blue Seed_ (Tape 1 Episode 1)
(JIE p.1768)
ZEICHIKU.
Divination sticks used in fortune telling. These can be seen in the background in the first visit to the mediums office in the _Phantom Quest Corps (Tape 1 Episode 1.)
(LIJ p.106)
ZENKI.
One of the demon attendants of * En-no-Gyoja *. A village at the base of Mt. Omine claims descent from, and is named after, Zenki.
Zenki is of course the title character of the _Zenki_ TV series.
All manga are from the English compiled collections, unless stated otherwise in the entries of the main document.
Lum-1
Lum Urusei Yatsura Perfect Collection The Viz graphic novel volume.
Lum-2
Return of Lum The Viz graphic novel volume.
Mai the Psychic Girl - The manga references are all from the Viz perfect collection graphic novel volumes.
Maison Ikkoku - The manga references are all from the Viz graphic novel volumes.
Manga Vizion. The monthly manga magazine from Viz Communications
Mermaid Forest - manga Viz perfect collection graphic novel
Mermaid's Scar - manga Viz perfect collection graphic novel
Orion - Dark Horse Comics
Ranma - The manga are all from the Viz Graphic novel volumes with individual issue information only for recent issues that are not yet in graphic novel format.
Rumic Theater - Viz Graphic novel
Contains the following stories:
Chapter 1 "The Tragedy of P" (story also appeared in _Manga Vizion_ v.1 #1)
Chapter 2 "The Merchant of Romance" (story also appeared in _Manga Vizion_ v.1 #2)
Chapter 3 "House of Garbage" (story also appeared in _Manga Vizion_ v.1 #3)
Chapter 4 "Hidden in the Pottery" (story also appeared in _Manga Vizion_ v.1 #4)
Chapter 5 "One Hundred Years of Love" (story also appeared in _Manga Vizion_ v.1 #5)
Chapter 6 "Extra-Large Size Happiness" (story also appeared in _Manga Vizion_ v.1 #6)
Rumic World - Viz Graphic novel
Sanctuary - The manga are all from the Viz Graphic novel volumes with individual issue information only for recent issues that are not yet in graphic novel format.
